Algemeen
- The etiologic basis for the classification of obesity
Obesity is a widespread condition, with different etiologies, that is usually treated only symptomatically i.e. through lowered energy intake. The existence of a latent situation of pre-obesity is postulated. The preobese is defined as a lean individual susceptible to easily develop obesity with unlimited food availability. The physiologic and metabolic pathways responsible of the appearance of obesity are revisited, as well as the current theories on body weight regulatory mechanisms. From this information, a classification of obesities is proposed: 1) Hypothalamic, 2) Bulimic, 3) Digestive, 4) Hyperinsulinemic, 5) Hypothermogenic, 6) Hypothyroid, and 7) Set point. These conditions should not be treated therapeutically in the same way, as the causes of development of the illness are not equal. The need to determine the individualized causes of obesity prior to any treatment is stressed. - Size at birth, postnatal growth and risk of obesity
Epidemiological studies over the last 15 years have shown that size at birth, early postnatal catch-up growth and excess childhood weight gain are associated with an increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. At the same time, rising rates of obesity and overweight in children, even at pre-school ages, have shifted efforts towards the identification of very early factors that predict risk of subsequent obesity, which may allow early targeted interventions. Overall, higher birth weight is positively associated with subsequent greater body mass index in childhood and later life; however, the relationship is complex. Higher birth weight is associated with greater subsequent lean mass, rather than fat mass. In contrast, lower birth weight is associated with a subsequent higher ratio of fat mass to lean mass, and greater central fat and insulin resistance. This paradoxical effect of lower birth weight is at least partly explained by the observation that infants who have been growth restrained in utero tend to gain weight more rapidly, or 'catch up', during the early postnatal period, which leads to increased central fat deposition. There is still debate as to whether there are critical early periods for obesity: does excess weight gain during infancy, childhood or even very early neonatal life have a greater impact on long-term fat deposition and insulin resistance? Early identification of childhood obesity risk will be aided by identification of maternal and fetal genes that regulate fetal nutrition and growth, and postnatal genes that regulate appetite, energy expenditure and the partitioning of energy intake into fat or lean tissue growth. Copyright 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel. - Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance
A chronic minor imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure may lead to obesity. Both lean and obese subjects eventually reach energy balance and their body weight regulation implies that the adipose tissue mass is "sensed", leading to appropriate responses of energy intake and energy expenditure. The cloning of the ob gene and the identification of its encoded protein, leptin, have provided a system signaling the amount of adipose energy stores to the brain. Leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, acts in rodents via hypothalamic receptors to inhibit feeding and increase thermogenesis. A feedback regulatory loop with three distinct steps has been identified: (1) a sensor (leptin production by adipose cells) monitors the size of the adipose tissue mass; (2) hypothalamic centers receive and integrate the intensity of the leptin signal through leptin receptors (LRb); (3) effector systems, including the sympathetic nervous system, control the two main determinants of energy balance-energy intake and energy expenditure. While this feedback regulatory loop is well established in rodents, there are many unsolved questions about its applicability to body weight regulation in humans. The rate of leptin production is related to adiposity, but a large portion of the interindividual variability in plasma leptin concentration is independent of body fatness. Gender is an important factor determining plasma leptin, with women having markedly higher leptin concentrations than men for any given degree of fat mass. The ob mRNA expression is also upregulated by glucocorticoids, whereas stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in its inhibition. Furthermore, leptin is not a satiety factor in humans because changes in food intake do not induce short-term increases in plasma leptin levels. After its binding to LRb in the hypothalamus, leptin stimulates a specific signaling cascade that results in the inhibition of several orexigenic neuropeptides, while stimulating several anorexigenic peptides. The orexigenic neuropeptides that are downregulated by leptin are NPY (neuropeptide Y), MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone), orexins, and AGRP (agouti-related peptide). The anorexigenic neuropeptides that are upregulated by leptin are alpha-MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), which acts on MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor); CART (cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript); and CRH (corticotropin-releasing-hormone). Obese humans have high plasma leptin concentrations related to the size of adipose tissue, but this elevated leptin signal does not induce the expected responses (i.e., a reduction in food intake and an increase in energy expenditure). This suggests that obese humans are resistant to the effects of endogenous leptin. This resistance is also shown by the lack of effect of exogenous leptin administration to induce weight loss in obese patients. The mechanisms that may account for leptin resistance in human obesity include a limitation of the blood-brain-barrier transport system for leptin and an inhibition of the leptin signaling pathways in leptin-responsive hypothalamic neurons. During periods of energy deficit, the fall in leptin plasma levels exceeds the rate at which fat stores are decreased. Reduction of the leptin signal induces several neuroendocrine responses that tend to limit weight loss, such as hunger, food-seeking behavior, and suppression of plasma thyroid hormone levels. Conversely, it is unlikely that leptin has evolved to prevent obesity when plenty of palatable foods are available because the elevated plasma leptin levels resulting from the increased adipose tissue mass do not prevent the development of obesity. In conclusion, in humans, the leptin signaling system appears to be mainly involved in maintenance of adequate energy stores for survival during periods of energy deficit. Its role in the etiology of human obesity is only demonstrated in the very rare situations of absence of the leptin signal (mutations of the leptin gene or of the leptin receptor gene), which produces an internal perception of starvation and results in a chronic stimulation of excessive food intake
Hyperinsulinemie en insuline resitentie
- Control of Food Intake in the Obese
- Clinical implications of the insulin resistance syndrome
- Clinical implications of the insulin resistance syndrome
- Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss
- Insulineresistentie en stress
Het totale hormonale beeld wordt door hyperinsulinemie flink verstoord. Mogelijke gevolgen hiervan zijn menstruatie- en menopauzeklachten, depressie, hart- en vaatziekten en verminderde werking van het immuunsysteem. - Diet composition and insulin action in animal models
Intake of saturated fats is strongly linked to development of obesity and insulin resistance, while that of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) is not. - Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary disease
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance seem to be commonly associated with PCOD. - Insulin resistance, lipid and fatty acid concentrations in 867 healthy Europeans. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR).
After adjustment for the effects of age, sex, obesity and intercentre variability, regression analysis showed relationships between triglycerides and markers of insulin sensitivity. There were significant correlations between triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.0001), fasting plasma insulin (P < 0.0001) and mean glucose infusion rate at steady state (M-value, P < 0.0001). - The severity of obstructive sleep apnoea is associated with insulin resistance
It was found that insulin resistance is related to the severity of sleep anoea. - Intracellular hyperinsulinism: a metabolic characteristic of obesity with and without Type 2 diabetes: intracellular insulin in obesity and Type 2 diabetes
In conclusion, monocytes from obese patients with and without Type 2 diabetes mellitus, present increased intracellular insulin concentrations and these conditions are associated with a significant impairment of insulin receptor processing. Increased intracellular insulin concentration in cells from these patients may be necessary in order to overcome insulin resistance. - Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss
These data suggest that in obesity-related insulin resistance, the metabolic capacity of skeletal muscle appears to be organized toward fat esterification rather than oxidation and that dietary-induced weight loss does not correct this disposition. - Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss
The findings suggest that triglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle in obesity derives from reduced capacity for fat oxidation and that inflexibility in regulating fat oxidation, more than fatty acid uptake, is related to insulin resistance. - Relationship between insulin resistance and cardiac sympathetic nervous function in essential hypertension
These findings indicate that insulin resistance is significantly related to activation of the cardiac sympathetic nervous function associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension.. - Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease
High fasting insulin concentrations appear to be an independent predictor of ischemic heart disease in men.. - Saturated fat intake and insulin resistance in men with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project Investigators and Staff
These cross-sectional findings in nondiabetic men with coronary artery disease suggest that increased consumption of saturated fatty acids is associated independently with higher fasting insulin concentrations.. - Magnesium transport induced ex vivo by a pharmacological dose of insulin is impaired in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
These data suggest that insulin resistance and magnesium depletion may result in a vicious cycle of worsening insulin resistance and decrease in intracellular Mg(2+) which may limit the role of magnesium in vital cellular processes. - Biotin supplementation improves glucose and insulin tolerances in genetically diabetic KK mice.
Compared to controls, biotin treatment lowered post-prandial glucose levels, and improved tolerance to glucose and insulin resistance. Serum immunoreactive insulin levels in biotin-treated mice were like the controls. - Hyperinsulinemia - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Schildklier problemen
- Diagnosing and treating hypothyroidism
- Evaluation of clinical and psychiatric symptoms in sub clinical hypothyroidism
- Thyroid function is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects
- Thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity
- Hypothyroidism in the pregnant woman
- The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey
- L-Thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
- Thyroid hormone action on intermediary metabolism. Part I: respiration, thermogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism
- Syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone: insights into thyroid hormone action
- Temperature Regulation for Thyroid Testing
- Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis Decreases Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies Concentrations
- Review: molecular thyroidology
- Paroxetine in panic disorder: clinical management and long-term follow-up
- Effect of mirtazapine treatment on body composition and metabolism
- Long-acting hormonal contraception
- Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression
- Dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine, and weight loss among female carbohydrate cravers
- Menstrual cycle and appetite control: implications for weight regulation
- Ten questions on the causes and consequences of obesity: stress hormones
- Pregnancy-related weight gain--a link to obesity?
- Insulin and the "thrifty" woman: the influence of insulin during pregnancy on gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention
- Excessive maternal weight gain patterns in adolescents
- Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
- Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: the role of adipose tissue
- Mitochondrial decay in aging
- Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial DNA Mutation, and Impairment of Antioxidant Enzymes in Aging
- Exercise for overweight or obesity
- Long-term effects of nicotine gum on weight gain after smoking cessation
- Honger en verzadiging
- Overgewicht en zwaarlijvigheid toenemend probleem
- Hypothalamus speelt cruciale rol in regulatie eetgedrag
- Control of Food Intake in the Obese
- Carbohydrate and weight control: where do we stand?
- The Montignac method: scientific foundation debatable
- Hunter-gatherer diets—a different perspective
- Paleolithic vs. modern diets--selected pathophysiological implications
- Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment
- Novel treatments for Obesity
- Implications of fiber in different pathologies
- Dietary protein restriction benefits patients with chronic kidney disease
- Hyperinsulinemia as an Independent Risk Factor for Ischemic Heart Disease
Fasting insulin concentrations at base line were 18 percent higher in the case patients than in the controls (P<0.001). Logistic-regression analysis showed that the insulin concentration remained associated with ischemic heart disease (odds ratio for ischemic heart disease. - Overgewicht en hyperinsulinaemie
Steeds meer mensen lijden aan insulinestoringen. Lang voordat men de diagnose diabetes krijgt, is de insulinehuishouding gestoord met als belangrijkste signaal gewichtstoename! Bij tijding ingrijpen kan men dit probleem herstellen. (Nederland is het 4de dikste land ter wereld). - Calorie restriction in biosphere 2: alterations in physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical parameters in humans restricted for a 2-year period
We conclude that healthy nonobese humans on a low-calorie, nutrient-dense diet show physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical changes resembling those of rodents and monkeys on such diets. With regard to the health of humans on such a diet, we observed that despite the selective restriction in calories and marked weight loss, all crew members remained in excellent health and sustained a high level of physical and mental activity throughout the entire 2 years - Glucose dysregulation and mirtazapine-induced weight gain
To our knowledge, this is the first report of glucose dysregulation secondary to mirtazapine-induced weight gain. - Menstrual cycle and appetite control: implications for weight regula
The premenstrual phase can be considered as a time when women are especially vulnerable to overconsumption, food craving and depression; this is often associated with low serotonin activity. - Implications of the hyperinsulinaemia-diabetes-cancer link for preventive efforts
Recent epidemiological evidence points to a link between non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type II (NIDDM) and cancer of the colon, liver, pancreas, breast and endometrium. This appears to be due to the long period of hyperinsulinaemia which precedes the clinical phase of NIDDM - Growth hormone in obesity
In spite of this, treatment with biosynthetic GH has been shown to improve the body composition and the metabolic efficacy of lean body mass in obese patients undergoing therapeutic severe caloric restriction. GH and conceivably GHRPs might therefore have a place in the therapy of obesity.. - Dehydroepiandrosterone: the "missing link" between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis?
Recent evidence indicates that the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts multiple antiatherogenic effects and also suggests that hyperinsulinemia may reduce serum DHEA and DHEA-sulfate levels by decreasing production and enhancing metabolic clearance.. - Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. Substituting nonhydrogenated polyunsaturated fatty acids for trans fatty acids would likely reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes substantially. - Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment
Increasing intakes of refined carbohydrate (corn syrup) concomitant with decreasing intakes of fiber paralleled the upward trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes observed in the United States during the 20th century. - Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets
These data demonstrate that consumption of diets in the lowest 25% of normal chromium intake lead to detrimental effects on glucose tolerance, insulin, and glucagon in subjects with mildly impaired glucose tolerance.. - Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
We conclude that VS at the dose used was well tolerated and resulted in modest reductions of fasting plasma glucose and hepatic insulin resistance. However, the safety of larger doses and use of vanadium salts for longer periods remains uncertain. - Effect of L-carnitine on post-stress metabolism in surgical patients
But they could lead to the following conclusions: Carnitine obviously reduces the insulin resistance. - Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid
This is the first clinical study to show that a ten day administration of TA is able to improve resistance of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in NIDDM. - Investigation of the relationships between zinc and obesity
Clinically, zinc was found to be correlated with thyroid hormone conversion and insulin resistance. Although the true metabolic role of zinc in obesity is still obscure. - Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Evidence has been provided that morphological changes in muscle, particularly the capillary density of the muscle, are associated with changes in fasting insulin levels and glucose tolerance. Furthermore, significant correlations between glucose clearance, muscle capillary density and fibre type have been found in humans during a euglycaemic clamp. - Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
In conclusion, chronic cigarette smoking seems to markedly aggravate insulin resistance in patients with NIDDM. - Long-term use of nicotine gum is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance
These findings suggest that nicotine is the major constituent in cigarette smoke that leads to insulin resistance, metabolic abnormalities associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, and increased cardiovascular morbidity. Thus, the use of nicotine replacement therapy during smoking cessation should be transient and limited. - Psychosocial stress and the insulin resistance syndrome
Thus, even though insulin resistance is presumably to some extent genetically determined, these results suggest that considering psychosocial stress may be beneficial in understanding IRS risk-factor clustering. - HUMAN EVOLUTION
Homo sapiens sapiens occurred around 200,000 years ago. The transition from H.erectus to H.sapiens happened about 500,000 years ago. H.erectus emerged in Africa more than 1.7 million years ago. Bipedal Australopithecines appeared (5 mya). - Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer
Our genetic make-up, shaped through millions of years of evolution, determines our nutritional and activity needs. Although the human genome has remained primarily unchanged since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, our diet and lifestyle have become progressively more divergent from those of our ancient ancestors. Accumulating evidence suggests that this mismatch between our modern diet and lifestyle and our Paleolithic genome is playing a substantial role in the ongoing epidemics of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. - Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. - Nutritional characteristics of wild primate foods: do the diets of our closest living relatives have lessons for us?
The recommendation that Americans consume more fresh fruits and vegetables in greater variety appears well supported by data on the diets of free-ranging monkeys and apes. - Paleolithic nutrition: what can we learn from the past?
It is postulated that changes in food staples and food processing procedures introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial era have fundamentally altered seven crucial nutritional characteristics of our ancestral diet: (i) glycaemic load, (ii) fatty acid balance, (iii) macronutrient balance, (iv) trace nutrient density, (v) acid-base balance, (vi) sodium-potassium balance, (vii) fiber content. - Paleolithic vs. modern diets--selected pathophysiological implications
The nutritional patterns of Paleolithic humans influenced genetic evolution during the time segment within which defining characteristics of contemporary humans were selected. Our genome can have changed little since the beginnings of agriculture, so, genetically, humans remain Stone Agers--adapted for a Paleolithic dietary regimen. - Hunter-gatherer diets—a different perspective
In the natural environment, energy-dense, highly digestible foods of any type are generally rare. When available, such foods often serve not so much to satisfy that day's energy demands but rather to provide fat stores for use as energy during times of low food availability or, in women, to help meet the extra energy demands of reproduction. - Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective
From a genetic standpoint, humans living today are Stone Age hunter-gatherers displaced through time to a world that differs from that for which our genetic constitution was selected. Unlike evolutionary maladaptation, our current discordance has little effect on reproductive success; rather it acts as a potent promoter of chronic illnesses: atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, many cancers, diabetes mellitus, and obesity among others. - Prospects for beneficial health outcomes from intestinal microflora
Many diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes (Type 2), intestinal inflammation and allergies can arise from imbalances of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. Such imbalances can be addressed by dietary strategies including nutritional supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics such as high fibre diets and complex carbohydrates. - Prebiotic carbohydrates modify the mucosa associated microflora of the human large bowel
Prebiotic carbohydrates can change the composition of the mucosa associated flora significantly. - Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression
Hence many patients learn to overeat carbohydrates (particularly snack foods, like potato chips or pastries, which are rich in carbohydrates and fats) to make themselves feel better. - The anorectic effect of increasing doses of L-tryptophan in obese patients
These results provide further support for the view that serotoninergic mechanisms play a role in the regulation of human food intake. They are also consistent with the hypothesis that nutrients which increase 5-HT availability selectively alter carbohydrate consumption. - Prevalence and significance of carbohydrate craving in Austria
Craving of carbohydrate is considered the consequence of a decrease of serotonin in appetite regulating neurons and centers of the brain. - Dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine, and weight loss among female carbohydrate cravers
DF, but not FL, also decreased meal CHO intake (p < .025). These results suggest that weight loss following treatment with serotoninergic drugs may relate to a selective decrease in CHO appetite. - The effects of nutrients on mood
A recent major theory was that a meal high in carbohydrate increased the rate that tryptophan enters the brain, leading to an increase in the level of the neurotransmitter serotonin that modulates mood. - Does carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor food prevent a deterioration of mood and cognitive performance of stress-prone subjects when subjected to a stressful task?
It is suggested that CR/PP food in HS subjects may increase personal control, probably under the influence of higher levels of brain tryptophan and serotonin. - Menstrual cycle and appetite control: implications for weight regulation
The premenstrual phase can be considered as a time when women are especially vulnerable to overconsumption, food craving and depression; this is often associated with low serotonin activity. - Carbohydrate and weight control: where do we stand?
Low-carbohydrate, Atkins-type diets have been demonstrated to have positive effects on weight loss and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, which has prompted some researchers to question the validity of present-day dietary guidelines. - Depression and weight gain: the serotonin connection
Brain serotonin appears to be involved in these disturbances of mood and appetite; recent studies have shown that dietary and pharmacological interventions which increase serotoninergic activity normalize food intake and diminish depressed mood. - Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood
Studies with dietary treatment or drugs that enhance serotoninergic neurotransmission have found that increased serotonin neurotransmission is associated with normalised food intake and mood. These results suggest that periodic intervention with dietary or drug treatment that increases serotonin availability may help sustain weight or assist in weight loss. - Stress control and human nutrition
An increase in brain tryptophan levels on the order of that produced by eating a carbohydrate-rich/protein-poor meal causes parallel increases in the amounts of serotonin released into synapses. - Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment.
Increasing intakes of refined carbohydrate (corn syrup) concomitant with decreasing intakes of fiber paralleled the upward trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes observed in the United States during the 20th century - Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women
In routine practice a reduced-carbohydrate, higher protein diet may be the most appropriate overall approach to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. - Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer
Our genetic make-up, shaped through millions of years of evolution, determines our nutritional and activity needs. Although the human genome has remained primarily unchanged since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, our diet and lifestyle have become progressively more divergent from those of our ancient ancestors. Accumulating evidence suggests that this mismatch between our modern diet and lifestyle and our Paleolithic genome is playing a substantial role in the ongoing epidemics of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. - Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. - Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome--the optimal diet
In conclusion, weight reduction is a powerful measure for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome should be limited in the intake of saturated fat, while high fibre/low-glycaemic-index foods should be used without specific limitations. - Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes
Research has also illustrated an association between the rate of carbohydrate degradation during digestion, and the regulation of postprandial blood sugar and insulin levels. - Association between dietary carbohydrates and body weight:
Results suggest that the type of carbohydrate may be related to body weight. However, further research is required to elucidate this association and its implications for weight management. - Glycemic index and load-dynamic dietary guidelines in the context of diseases
During the past 20 years, considerable evidence has accumulated suggesting that low-GI or -GL diets indeed positively influence some but not all diseases. Because virtually no deleterious effects of low-GI and -GL diets have been documented thus far or are to be expected, the promotion of these diets should be considered in the management of noncommunicable diseases - Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low-glycaemic index diet? Yes
Physiologically orientated studies in humans and animal models provide support for a role of GI in disease prevention and treatment. This review examines the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of a low GI diet, and whether such diets should be recommended in the clinical setting - Novel treatments for Obesity
Reduction in GI/GL comprises a novel and exciting approach to the prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications. A low GI/GL diet may be an ideal compromise between low fat diets at one end of the spectrum, and very low carbohydrate diets at the other. Long-term, large-scale studies of such diets should assume a high public health priority - Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome--the optimal diet
Moreover, the diet for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome should be limited in the intake of saturated fat, while high fibre/low-glycaemic-index foods should be used without specific limitations. Moderate amounts of monounsaturated fat could be permitted as they do not induce detrimental metabolic effects - Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women
In routine practice a reduced-carbohydrate, higher protein diet may be the most appropriate overall approach to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. To achieve similar benefits on a HC diet, it may be necessary to increase fibre-rich wholegrains, legumes, vegetables and fruits, and to reduce saturated fatty acids to a greater extent than appears to be achieved by implementing current guidelines. - Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes
The current paper explores the potential use of dietary fibres in the treatment of obesity and diabetes - Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment
Increasing intakes of refined carbohydrate (corn syrup) concomitant with decreasing intakes of fiber paralleled the upward trend in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes observed in the United States during the 20th century. - Prospects for beneficial health outcomes from intestinal microflora
Many diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes (Type 2), intestinal inflammation and allergies can arise from imbalances of microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. Such imbalances can be addressed by dietary strategies including nutritional supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics such as high fibre diets and complex carbohydrates. - Implications of fiber in different pathologies
Three decades ago, the observations of Trowell and Burkitt gave rise to the "fibre theory", in which it was contended that there was a link between the consumption of a diet rich in fibre and non-processed carbohydrates and the level of protection against many of the "first world diseases" such as constipation, diverticulosis, cancer of the colon, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. A high fibre intake (> 25-30 g/day) based on a variety of food sources (fruit, vegetable, legumes, cereals) is the only way to avoid many of the disorders mentioned. - Physiological role of dietary fiber: a ten-year review
It is accepted nowadays that dietary fiber is an important constituent of the diet. There is growing evidence that the low fiber Western diets and the low consumption of whole grain products are important factors in several common diseases of the large bowel.
Omega-6 / omega-3 ratio
- The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world. - Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but n-6 PUFAs may compete with n-3 PUFA metabolism and attenuate benefits. n-3 PUFAs from both seafood and plant sources may reduce CHD risk, with little apparent influence from background n-6 PUFA intake. Plant-based n-3 PUFAs may particularly reduce CHD risk when seafood-based n-3 PUFA intake is low, which has implications for populations with low consumption or availability of fatty fish. - n-3 fatty acids and human health: defining strategies for public policy
Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acid intake, whereas Western diets have a ratio of n-6/n-3 of 16.74. The scientific evidence is strong for decreasing the n-6 and increasing the n-3 intake to improve health throughout the life cycle. - Adequate Intakes for Adults
Although the recommendation is for AI, the Working Group felt that there is enough scientific evidence to also state an upper limit (UL) for LA of 6.67 g/day based on a 2000 kcal diet or of 3.0% of energy. For pregnant and lactating women, ensure 300 mg/day of DHA. Saturated fats should not comprise more than 8% of energy. The Working Group recommended that the majority of fatty acids are obtained from monounsaturates. - Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases
Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs - Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease
Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained about equal amounts of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100-150 y there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of n-6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from corn, sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cottonseed, and soybeans. - Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health
The distinct functions of these two families make the balance between dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids an important consideration influencing cardiovascular health. - Summary of the NATO advanced research workshop on dietary omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentiality.
Clinical trials are necessary in order to precisely define the dose and mechanisms involved in defining the essentiality of omega 3 fatty acids in growth and development and their beneficial effects in coronary heart disease, hypertension, inflammation, arthritis, psoriasis, other autoimmune disorders, and cancer. - Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 (omega-6) class, as found in corn and safflower oils, can act as precursors for intermediates involved in the growth of mammary tumors when fed to animals, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 (omega-3) class, as found in fish oil, can inhibit these effects. - Dietary fatty acids and prevention of hormone-responsive cancer
The results from some, but not all, epidemiological studies indicate that the level of dietary fat intake and the nature of the constituent fatty acids influence both breast and prostate cancer risk, and disease progression. This review concludes that clinical intervention trials designed to reduce total fat intake and increase the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the diet should be targeted at groups at a relatively high risk for breast or prostate cancer, and also at postsurgically treated cancer patients with the objective of preventing disease recurrence. - Comparison of fatty acid profiles in the serum of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia
It was proposed that the changed composition level of PUFAs including omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs have certain relationship with both prostatic diseases. Therefore, the ratio of omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs also may have an important association with the benign and malignant status of prostatic disease. - Diet and asthma: has the role of dietary lipids been overlooked in the management of asthma?
Studies suggest adaption of a western diet has not only contributed to obesity, but that increased intake of specific nutrients can cause changes in the frequency and severity of asthma. A reduction in the levels of inflammatory mediators associated with asthma has also been seen with dietary interventions, such as the administration of oils containing gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. - Intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US men
We examined the association between intakes of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia. Higher intakes of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids and possibly of fish may reduce the risk of pneumonia. - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: rationale for its integrative management
Nutrient deficiencies are common in ADHD; supplementation with minerals, the B vitamins (added in singly), omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, flavonoids, and the essential phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) can ameliorate ADHD symptoms. When individually managed with supplementation, dietary modification, detoxification, correction of intestinal dysbiosis, and other features of a wholistic/integrative program of management, the ADHD subject can lead a normal and productive life. - Dietary fat and colon cancer: modulating effect of types and amount of dietary fat on ras-p21 function during promotion and progression stages of colon cancer
Thus, the dietary HFCO (high-fat corn oil) may promote colon tumorigenesis by increasing ras-p21 expression, whereas HFFO (high-fat fish oil) appears to exert its antitumor activity by interfering with posttranslational modification and membrane localization of ras-p21 - The inhibitory effect of flaxseed on the growth and metastasis of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenograftsis attributed to both its lignan and oil components.
In conclusion, FS reduced the growth and metastasis of established ER- human breast cancer in part due to its lignan and FO components, and not to lipid peroxidation. - Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognitive development
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an Omega-3 fatty acid) and arachindonic acid (AA, an Omega-6 fatty acid) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs) that are important for cognitive development. Research has shown that LCPs are associated with improved visual and cognitive development: breast-fed children had higher IQ scores compared with children who received an infant formula that did not contain LCPs. Because breast milk contains LCPs and the formulae in these studies did not, it is possible that LCPs may contribute to improved cognitive development. - An adaptogenic role for omega-3 fatty acids in stress; a randomised placebo controlled double blind intervention study (pilot) [ISRCTN22569553]
There is evidence for an adaptive role of the omega -3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during stress. Mechanisms of action may involve regulation of stress mediators, such as the catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines. Prevention of stress-induced aggression and hostility were demonstrated in a series of clinical trials. - Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in schizophrenia associated with symptom remission, normalisation of blood fatty acids, reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover and structural brain changes
The administration of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to a drug-naive patient with schizophrenia, untreated with conventional antipsychotic medication, led to a dramatic and sustained clinical improvement in both positive and negative symptoms. - Essential fatty acids, lipid membrane abnormalities, and the diagnosis and treatment of schizophenia
Studies of EFA metabolism have proved fruitful for generating and testing novel etiologic hypotheses and new therapeutic agents for schizophrenia. Greater attention to factors that influence tissue EFA levels such as diet, tobacco and alcohol are required to reconcile inconsistent findings. Treatment studies, although promising, require independent replication. - Increasing homicide rates and linoleic acid consumption among five Western countries, 1961-2000
Clinical intervention trials and animal studies indicate that increasing dietary intakes of long chain n-3 FA or reducing linoleic acid intake may reduce aggressive and violent behaviors. Greater apparent consumption of linoleic acid correlated with higher rates of homicide mortality over a 20-fold range (0.51-10.2/100,000) across countries and time in an exponential growth regression model (r = 0.94, F = 567, P < 0.00001). Within each country, correlations between greater linoleic acid disappearance and homicide mortality over time were significant in linear regression models. - Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Omega3 fatty acids were well tolerated and improved the short-term course of illness in this preliminary study of patients with bipolar disorder. - Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients
These findings suggest that RBC membranes in depressive patients show evidence of oxidative damage. Possible interpretations, and implications for the etiology and treatment of depression, are discussed - Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study
Conclusions: fish-oil ingestion results in subjective alleviation of active rheumatoid arthritis and reduction in neutrophil leukotriene B4 production. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms of action and optimal dose and duration of fish-oil supplementation - Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial
Fish oil, in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons, does not adversely affect glucose metaboli
Transvetten
- Enkele ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie
Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. - Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, Preventiebeleid voor de Volksgezondheid
Het streven is dat in 2010 meer mensen voldoen aan de RGV en de voedingsnormen voor verzadigd vet, transvet en groenten en fruit. In 1995 vormden transvetzuren nog twee procent van de totale energie-inname, dit moet in 2010 zijn gedaald tot één procent. - Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie
De overheid heeft zelf onderzoek gedaan naar de eetgedrag van 19 – 35 jarigen. Als bij deze groep de eetgewoontes zodanig worden veranderd dat er tenminste 400 gram groente en fruit en tenhoogste 10% van de energievoeding uit verzadigd vet bestaat en voor 0,8% uit transvetten dan dalen hart en vaatziekten met 12% en de incidentie van kanker met 14%. - Dietary trans-monounsaturated fatty acids negatively impact plasma lipids in humans: critical review of the evidence
Human clinical studies since 1990 have revealed that relative to cis-monounsaturated fatty acids (i.e., oleic acid), t-FA increase total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and tend to decrease high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. Additionally, t-FA tend to increase the atherogenic lipoprotein (a). Thus, t-FA induce an adverse plasma lipid profile (increased ratios of TC/LDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C), which represents increased risk for coronary heart disease. - Trans fatty acids: are the effects only marginal?
Federal regulations should require manufacturers to include trans fatty acid content in food labels and should aim to greatly reduce or eliminate the use of partially hydrogenated vegetable fats. - Trans-fatty acids intake and risk of myocardial infarction
These data support the hypothesis that intake of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils may contribute to the risk of myocardial infarction.
- The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world. - Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but n-6 PUFAs may compete with n-3 PUFA metabolism and attenuate benefits. n-3 PUFAs from both seafood and plant sources may reduce CHD risk, with little apparent influence from background n-6 PUFA intake. Plant-based n-3 PUFAs may particularly reduce CHD risk when seafood-based n-3 PUFA intake is low, which has implications for populations with low consumption or availability of fatty fish. - n-3 fatty acids and human health: defining strategies for public policy
Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acid intake, whereas Western diets have a ratio of n-6/n-3 of 16.74. The scientific evidence is strong for decreasing the n-6 and increasing the n-3 intake to improve health throughout the life cycle. - Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
The Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs) for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids was held at The Cloisters, National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, April 7–9, 1999. The workshop was sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-NIH, the Office of Dietary Supplements-NIH, The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, and the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids; and cosponsored by several industry groups - Adequate Intakes for Adults
Although the recommendation is for AI, the Working Group felt that there is enough scientific evidence to also state an upper limit (UL) for LA of 6.67 g/day based on a 2000 kcal diet or of 3.0% of energy. For pregnant and lactating women, ensure 300 mg/day of DHA. Saturated fats should not comprise more than 8% of energy. The Working Group recommended that the majority of fatty acids are obtained from monounsaturates. - Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases
Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs - Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease
Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained about equal amounts of n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100-150 y there has been an enormous increase in the consumption of n-6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from corn, sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cottonseed, and soybeans. - Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acid balance and cardiovascular health
The distinct functions of these two families make the balance between dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids an important consideration influencing cardiovascular health. - Summary of the NATO advanced research workshop on dietary omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentiality.
Clinical trials are necessary in order to precisely define the dose and mechanisms involved in defining the essentiality of omega 3 fatty acids in growth and development and their beneficial effects in coronary heart disease, hypertension, inflammation, arthritis, psoriasis, other autoimmune disorders, and cancer. - Dietary modulation of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in patients with breast cancer.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 (omega-6) class, as found in corn and safflower oils, can act as precursors for intermediates involved in the growth of mammary tumors when fed to animals, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 (omega-3) class, as found in fish oil, can inhibit these effects. - Dietary fatty acids and prevention of hormone-responsive cancer
The results from some, but not all, epidemiological studies indicate that the level of dietary fat intake and the nature of the constituent fatty acids influence both breast and prostate cancer risk, and disease progression. This review concludes that clinical intervention trials designed to reduce total fat intake and increase the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in the diet should be targeted at groups at a relatively high risk for breast or prostate cancer, and also at postsurgically treated cancer patients with the objective of preventing disease recurrence. - Comparison of fatty acid profiles in the serum of patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia
It was proposed that the changed composition level of PUFAs including omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs have certain relationship with both prostatic diseases. Therefore, the ratio of omega-3/omega-6 PUFAs also may have an important association with the benign and malignant status of prostatic disease. - Diet and asthma: has the role of dietary lipids been overlooked in the management of asthma?
Studies suggest adaption of a western diet has not only contributed to obesity, but that increased intake of specific nutrients can cause changes in the frequency and severity of asthma. A reduction in the levels of inflammatory mediators associated with asthma has also been seen with dietary interventions, such as the administration of oils containing gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. - Intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US men
We examined the association between intakes of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia. Higher intakes of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids and possibly of fish may reduce the risk of pneumonia. - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: rationale for its integrative management
Nutrient deficiencies are common in ADHD; supplementation with minerals, the B vitamins (added in singly), omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, flavonoids, and the essential phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) can ameliorate ADHD symptoms. When individually managed with supplementation, dietary modification, detoxification, correction of intestinal dysbiosis, and other features of a wholistic/integrative program of management, the ADHD subject can lead a normal and productive life. - Dietary fat and colon cancer: modulating effect of types and amount of dietary fat on ras-p21 function during promotion and progression stages of colon cancer
Thus, the dietary HFCO (high-fat corn oil) may promote colon tumorigenesis by increasing ras-p21 expression, whereas HFFO (high-fat fish oil) appears to exert its antitumor activity by interfering with posttranslational modification and membrane localization of ras-p21 - Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?
The parent fatty acid ALA (18:3n-3), found in vegetable oils such as flaxseed or rapeseed oil, is used by the human organism partly as a source of energy, partly as a precursor of the metabolites, but the degree of conversion appears to be unreliable and restricted. More specifically, most studies in humans have shown that whereas a certain, though restricted, conversion of high doses of ALA to EPA occurs, conversion to DHA is severely restricted. - The inhibitory effect of flaxseed on the growth and metastasis of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenograftsis attributed to both its lignan and oil components.
In conclusion, FS reduced the growth and metastasis of established ER- human breast cancer in part due to its lignan and FO components, and not to lipid peroxidation. - Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognitive development
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an Omega-3 fatty acid) and arachindonic acid (AA, an Omega-6 fatty acid) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs) that are important for cognitive development. Research has shown that LCPs are associated with improved visual and cognitive development: breast-fed children had higher IQ scores compared with children who received an infant formula that did not contain LCPs. Because breast milk contains LCPs and the formulae in these studies did not, it is possible that LCPs may contribute to improved cognitive development. - A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants
Supplementation of infant formula with DHA+AA was associated with a mean increase of 7 points on the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the BSID-II. Both the cognitive and motor subscales of the MDI showed a significant developmental age advantage for DHA- and DHA+AA-supplemented groups over the control group. - Dietary PUFA for preterm and term infants: review of clinical studies
Collectively, the body of literature suggests that LCPUFA is important to the growth and development of infants. Thus, for preterm infants we recommend LCPUFA intakes in the range provided by feeding of human milk typical of mothers in Western countries. This range can be achieved by a combination of AA and DHA, providing an AA to DHA ratio of approximately 1.5 and a DHA content of as much as 0.4%. The addition of LCPUFA in infant formulas for term infants, with appropriate regard for quantitative and qualitative qualities, is safe and will enable the formula-fed infant to achieve the same blood LCPUFA status as that of the breast-fed infant. - An adaptogenic role for omega-3 fatty acids in stress; a randomised placebo controlled double blind intervention study (pilot) [ISRCTN22569553]
There is evidence for an adaptive role of the omega -3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during stress. Mechanisms of action may involve regulation of stress mediators, such as the catecholamines and proinflammatory cytokines. Prevention of stress-induced aggression and hostility were demonstrated in a series of clinical trials. - Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in schizophrenia associated with symptom remission, normalisation of blood fatty acids, reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover and structural brain changes
The administration of the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to a drug-naive patient with schizophrenia, untreated with conventional antipsychotic medication, led to a dramatic and sustained clinical improvement in both positive and negative symptoms. - Essential fatty acids, lipid membrane abnormalities, and the diagnosis and treatment of schizophenia
Studies of EFA metabolism have proved fruitful for generating and testing novel etiologic hypotheses and new therapeutic agents for schizophrenia. Greater attention to factors that influence tissue EFA levels such as diet, tobacco and alcohol are required to reconcile inconsistent findings. Treatment studies, although promising, require independent replication. - Increasing homicide rates and linoleic acid consumption among five Western countries, 1961-2000
Clinical intervention trials and animal studies indicate that increasing dietary intakes of long chain n-3 FA or reducing linoleic acid intake may reduce aggressive and violent behaviors. Greater apparent consumption of linoleic acid correlated with higher rates of homicide mortality over a 20-fold range (0.51-10.2/100,000) across countries and time in an exponential growth regression model (r = 0.94, F = 567, P < 0.00001). Within each country, correlations between greater linoleic acid disappearance and homicide mortality over time were significant in linear regression models. - Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Omega3 fatty acids were well tolerated and improved the short-term course of illness in this preliminary study of patients with bipolar disorder. - Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients
These findings suggest that RBC membranes in depressive patients show evidence of oxidative damage. Possible interpretations, and implications for the etiology and treatment of depression, are discussed - Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study
Conclusions: fish-oil ingestion results in subjective alleviation of active rheumatoid arthritis and reduction in neutrophil leukotriene B4 production. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms of action and optimal dose and duration of fish-oil supplementation - Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial
Fish oil, in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons, does not adversely affect glucose metaboli
SITE MAP
Maagdarmstoornissen: Candida infectie - Prikkelbaredarmsyndroom - Crohn - Colitus Ulcerosa - CVS/ME: Chronische vermoeidheid Syndroom - Diabetische complicaties: Bloeduiker stabilisatie - Neuropathie - Retinopathie - Nefropathie - Hart- en vaatziekten: Cardiomyopathie en Hartfalen - Hoge bloeddruk - Cholesterol verlaging - Aderverkalking (atherosclerose) - Spataderen - Levensverlenging: 100 jaren jong - DHEA - Melatonine - 65+ - Kanker: - Ondersteuningstherapie bij kanker - Bot en gewrichtsaandoeningen: - Artrose - Artritis - Osteoporose - Fibromyalgie: - Fibromyalgie - Urinewegaandoeningen: - Prostaatklachten - Blaasontsteking - Vrouwenklachten: Menopauze - Premenstrueelsyndroom - Overgewicht: - Overgewicht - SLIM - Oogaandoeningen: Staar - Slecht zien Andere artikelen: - HPU - Astma - Multiple Sclerose - Psoriasis - Depressie
Maagdarmstoornissen: Candida infectie - Prikkelbaredarmsyndroom - Crohn - Colitus Ulcerosa - CVS/ME: Chronische vermoeidheid Syndroom - Diabetische complicaties: Bloeduiker stabilisatie - Neuropathie - Retinopathie - Nefropathie - Hart- en vaatziekten: Cardiomyopathie en Hartfalen - Hoge bloeddruk - Cholesterol verlaging - Aderverkalking (atherosclerose) - Spataderen - Levensverlenging: 100 jaren jong - DHEA - Melatonine - 65+ - Kanker: - Ondersteuningstherapie bij kanker - Bot en gewrichtsaandoeningen: - Artrose - Artritis - Osteoporose - Fibromyalgie: - Fibromyalgie - Urinewegaandoeningen: - Prostaatklachten - Blaasontsteking - Vrouwenklachten: Menopauze - Premenstrueelsyndroom - Overgewicht: - Overgewicht - SLIM - Oogaandoeningen: Staar - Slecht zien Andere artikelen: - HPU - Astma - Multiple Sclerose - Psoriasis - Depressie
